Ultimatums

We owe this further regard to humanity, and especially to the lives and peace of the subjects, to declare to that unjust nation, or its chief, that we are at length going to have recourse to the last remedy, and make use of open force, for the purpose of bringing him...

Authority to declare war

War should … only be declared by the authority of the people, whose toils and treasures are to support its burdens, instead of the government which is to reap its fruits. —James Madison. Universal Peace, Philadelphia, January 31, 1792. The decision to go to war causes...

When not to go to war

For conquest Wars of conquest are unjust and he is chargeable with all the evils, all the horrors of the war: all the effusion of blood, the desolation of families, the guilt of rapine, the acts of violence, the ravages, the conflagrations, are his works and his...

When to go to war

In self-defense Not all the treasures of the world, so far as I believe, could have induced me to support an offensive war, for I think it murder; but if a thief breaks into my house, burns and destroys my property, and kills or threatens to kill me, or those that are...

The contingency reserve

A well-governed state ought to set aside as the first article of its expense a regular sum for contingent cases. It is with the public as with individuals, they are ruined when they live up exactly to their income. —Montesquieu. The Spirit of the Laws, 1748. When a...